Damian Sendler: Nanoparticles have been used in a wide variety of clinical settings in recent years. Biological barriers — systemic, microenvironmental, and cellular — that are diverse across patient populations and diseases have been circumvented by nanoparticles. It has also been possible to overcome the heterogeneity of patients through precision therapies, which use individualized interventions to improve therapeutic efficacy.

Damian Jacob Sendler: Other immunotherapy medications, such as antibody-drug conjugates, as well as combinations of PD-1/PD-L1 treatments with other therapies, including as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are being investigated in combination with drugs targeting PD-1/PD-L1. Immunotherapy response can be predicted using biomarkers. Immuno-oncology treatment is guided by molecular diagnostics and sequencing.

Damian Jacob Sendler: It is possible to create a three-dimensional object with 3D printing in a layer-by-layer fashion utilizing a variety of applications. A vast range of pharmaceutical dosage forms, differing in shape, release profile, and medication combination, can be created using 3D printing. Inkjet printing, binder jetting, fused filament fabrication, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, and pressure-assisted microsyringe are some of the most commonly investigated 3D printing platforms in the pharmaceutical industry. It is conceivable that this technology may be used in a clinical context to customize medicines for specific patients.

Damian Sendler: Adhesion molecules in the skin and/or mucous membranes are targeted by autoantibodies in pemphigus and pemphigoid illness. It is a novel medical model that divides patients into different groups and tailors medical decisions, practices, and therapies to individual patients’ projected responses or risk factors.